Gravitational force: An overview

Gravitational ramp An overview1.0 Introduction1.1 What is gravitative forceal force?Gravitational force is delimitate as a force of attraction which exerts between dickens objects with mass. It pulls two objects that have mass. (Gravitation and Gravity n.d.).1.2 Background Information1.2.1 The discovery of gravitational force integrity day, normality was sitting on his garden and observing the f all tolding of an apple from a tree. A sudden inspiration appeared in his mind. There must be a force exerted on the apple since the apple accelerated while falling down from the tree with zero initial velocity. The force is then called gravitational force and the acceleration due to the force is called acceleration due to gravity (Sir Isaac Newton The Universal Law of Gravitation n.d.).1.2.2 Effects of gravitation on major planetsIf the force of gravity exerts at the top of the trees and mountains, then it must exerts all the way to the orbit of the moon. It is expected that the orbit of the moon around the earth roots from the gravitational force as the acceleration due to the gravity can change the velocity of the moon in such a way it followed an orbit around the earth (Sir Isaac Newton The Universal Law of Gravitation n.d.).2.0 The Universal Law of Gravitation2.1 Keplers law of gravitationKeplers Third Law states that the ratio of the cubes of their mean distances from the Sun is comparable as the squares of the periods of any two planets orbit about the Sun. P represents the term taken for one revolution about the Sun and R represents the distance between the planet and the Sun. The equation indicates that the period for the planet to orbit the Sun is proportional to the radius of its orbit. (Johannes Kepler The Law of Planetary Motion n.d.). However, the accurate measurements on the orbits of the planets showed that they do non simply follow Keplers laws. The validity of the Keplers law is corrected by Newton. The mass of the Sun is extremely greater than any other planet. Thus, the force of attraction between planets give be small compared to the force due to the Sun (Sir Isaac Newton The Universal Law of gravitation n.d.).2.2 The law of universal gravitationLaw of universal gravitation states that every particle in the universe attracts each some other with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and in return proportional to the distance a placement squared. This force exerts along the line of centers joining the two particles. The magnitude of the gravitational force can be calculated using the formulaFg = GMm Fg is the magnitude of the gravitational forcer G is universal gravitational constantM and m are the masses of the two particles.r is the distance between the two particles.The universal gravitational force is similarly named universal constant as it is expected to be constant at any fourth dimensions and places. Therefore, it is universally characterized the congenital strength of gravitation al force (Sir Isaac Newton The Universal Law of gravitation n.d.). The gravitational constant is very small since we are unaware of the existence of the force of attraction between objects. The accepted value is G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm/kg2. Based on the equation, the greater the distance between two masses, the smaller the gravitational force (Universal gravitation and weight n.d).3.0 Gravitational worldsGravitational field is defined as the gravitational force felt by a separate particle in a particular area (Fowler 2006).3.1 Field strengthGravitational field strength is defined as force, N per unit mass, kg. The definition of gravitational field strength is derived from the Newtons second law, F=ma. By making acceleration, a, as a subject and then substitute acceleration, a with gravitational field strength, g, and we would obtain a formula, g = F/m. F represents the gravitational force, N whereby m represents the mass of an object, kg. Gravitational field strength close to the eart hs surface is the same as the gravitational acceleration, 9.8Nkg-1. When the force is not given, gravitational field strength can be calculated by using the formula, g = GM/r. This formula can be obtained by the substitution of the two equation, F = mg and F = GMm/r. Hence, resulted in the formation of the equation, g = GM/r. The greater the value of g, the greater the gravitational field strength (Universal Gravitation and Weight n.d.).3.2 Principle of superpositionIn terms of gravitation, principle of superposition refers to the match force of an object. Total force is the addition of all the vectors due to the gravitational fields of force acting on the object (Fowler, 2006). Superposition refers to the masses which interact with each other. To find the total force, we have to find the gravitational force for each mass by using the formula, Fg = GMm/r. Finally, add up all the forces by using vector addition method (Forces and Fields n.d.).4.0 Future of GravitationEinstein theori zed that gravity can be explained by the curvature of station time.Space time is warped by the mass and energy inside of it but not flat. Objects travel in straight line do not hold by mysterious force but follow the curves in lacuna time. The objects move in straight lines along four-dimensional space time but move in elliptical circles in three-dimensional space. Light appears to travel in straight lines although it is actually bent, curved and changed by the fabric of space time. Although it looks bid straight out in front of us, it is actually around the corner of the sun because the space time warp morphs the light. We watch out only the result of the light that is being bent around the sun. This can not be tested since the sun is shining us right in the eyes and we cannot see the stars.However, it is possible to test out this theory during a total solar eclipse. We are constantly orbiting the sun so we are able to observe the changes of the question of the star in orbit ( Space Time The Fabric of the Universe n.d.).5.0 ConclusionIn conclusion, based on the acceptable Newtons gravitational law of gravitation, gravitation is a mutual force. Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Therefore, gravitational force is depends on the masses of the bodies and the distance between the two bodies. address ListForces and Fields n.d., viewed 29 July 2009, http//electron9.phys.utk.edu/phys136d/modules/m4/efield.htmFowler, M 2006, Gravitational Field, viewed 29 July 2009, http//galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/152.mf1i.spring02/GravField.htmGravitation and Gravity n.d., viewed 29 July 2009, http//alex.edfac.usyd.edu.au/Methods/Science/studentwork/MassoftheEarth/gravitationandgravity.htmJohannes Kepler The Laws of Planetary Motion n.d., viewed 29 July 2009, http//csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/histor y/kepler.htmlNewtons Law of Gravitation n.d., viewed 29 July 2009, http//theory.uwinnipeg.ca/physics/circ/node7.htmlSir Isaac Newton The Universal Law of Gravitation n.d., viewed 6 June 2009, http//csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/newtongrav.htmlSpace Time The Fabric of the Universe n.d., viewed 29 July 2009, http//www.astronomy.pomona.edu/Projects/moderncosmo/alexs%20page%201.htmlUniversal Gravitation and Weight n.d., viewed 29 July 2009, http//dev.physicslab.org/Document.aspx?doctype=3filename=UniversalGravitation_UniversalGravitationWeight.xmlIntellectual balk Causes and ConditionsIntellectual Disability Causes and ConditionsAssessmentDemonstrate knowledge of causes and associated conditions related to intellectual disabilityOutcome 1 Define Intellectual DisabilityTask 11.1 stupefy 2 definitions of intellectual disability in accordance with a recognised source. Follow prescribed APA format when citing sources.Definition 1Intellectual disability is a disability character ized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behaviour which covers many occasional social and practical skills.This disability originates before the age of 18.Source World Health Organization.Definition 2Intellectual disability means a importantly reduced ability to understand new or complex information and to learn and apply new skills (impaired intelligence).Source World Health Organization.1.2Using a definition of intellectual disability give 2 explanations of how this rivals on the individuals adaptive skillsThe somebody finds it hard to understand and follow social rules and customs and obeying laws.The person finds it awkward to perform the daily activities which include feeding, bathing, dressing, occupational skills, and navigational skills.Using a definition of intellectual disability give 2 explanations of how this impacts on the persons cognitive ability.A person is not able to think, reason, and solve problems or make decision lik e what to say while answering the telephone or talking to another person.A person is not able to concentrate, learn new things and does not have the ability to talk or write, resulting in the inability to live independently.Reference FAQ on Intellectual Disability, American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.Outcome 2 Describe the outcomes of intellectual DisabilityTask 22.1Give 2 examples of causes of intellectual disability that occur before birth and describe two 2 main characteristics of the effects. cause1 Fragile x Syndrome.Source Bray, Anne, Definitions of intellectual disability, Donald Beasley Institute, 2003Main characteristicsIf the mother does not follow a low phenylalanine diet before birth then the infants leave behind have a low birth weight and fire more slowly than other children.The child lead have heart defects or other heart problems, like abnormal small head surface and behavioural problems.Example 2 Downs SyndromeSource Bray, Anne, D efinitions of intellectual disability, Donald Beasley Institute, 2003Main characteristicsIt is caused by a random error in cell division and results in freakishness in physical characteristics like small chin, round face and almond eyes.The baby will have shorter limbs, protruding or oversized tongue and also have obesity problems.2.2Give 2 examples of causes of intellectual disability that occur during or immediately following birth and describe 2 main characteristics of the effects.Example 1 Premature Birth.Source World Health Organisation, International Classification of Disability, and Health.Main characteristicsIt happens when mothers smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol or use illicit drugs which results in unresponsive reflexes and problem in breathing.If the mother suffers from stressful life events, such as death of a loved one or domestic vehemence which results in slow heart rate or difficult feeding.2.3Give 2 examples of causes of intellectual disability that occur during c hildhood years and describe the impact on the day to day support urgencys of the person.Example 1 MalnutritionSource Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.ImpactThe person will have problems in doing his daily activities like going to school or understand what is happening around him or eating his food at the time and taking his medication. He wont be able to concentrate in class and will often feel depressed. He will urgency words of encouragement from his teachers and parents. His daily activities should be monitored and ensure to keep health appointments with the physio, social worker and therapists.Example 2 Brain injuries.Source Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.ImpactThe person will have difficulty with memory tasks like math facts or spelling words. He may not be confident in school will be easy frustrated. He may seem to remember information one day and halt it the next. He will need support in bathing, grooming, and needs reminding of personal hygiene like washing his hands after using the toilet and coppice his teeth. Help from support groups and agencies are also necessary.Outcome 3 Describe conditions frequently associated with intellectual disability.Task 3Condition 1 Foetal alcoholic beverage syndromeCausesMothers drinking during pregnancy leads to foetal alcohol syndrome. Miscarriage, stillbirth premature birth and small birth weight are all associated with it. When a pregnant women drinks alcohol, it easily passes across the placenta to the fetus which can harm the babys development.Main Characteristic 1Children with FAS have distinct facial features including small and narrow eyes, a small head, a smooth area between the nose and the lips and a thin upper lip.Main characteristic 2They also have audience and ear problems. Their immune system are also weak due to FAS and they have issues with their height and weight.Description of the swear unavoidably of the person with the condition tangible SupportT he person needs to be reminded when to take his medicines or needs assistance in taking his medication. They will need assistance in crossway the road and also with daily activities like bathing, grooming and brushing their teeth or putting on their shoes. They will also need delivery therapist so that they can interact with their peers.Social SupportThe person will need communication and social skills training for interaction with friends, teachers and others. They will need supportive activities like group work to gain confidence and independence. Regular interaction with other children will boost their self-confidence.Cognitive SupportThe person will need special education teacher to teach how to talk and what words he should use while talking to someone. He will need a speech therapist to learn how to pronounce a word or say a word clearly.Condition 2 AutismCausesIt is not certain what causes ASD, but its likely both genetics and environment play a role. Some studies suggest t hat people with ASD have abnormal levels of serotonin or other neurotransmitters in the brain.Main Characteristic 1People with Autism will have repetitive, obsessive, and unusual behaviour. They will have difficulty in communicating with others does not speak with anyone. They will have excessive lining up of toys or objects and they also have no response to name or social responsiveness.Main Characteristic 2They wont have eye contact while talking to another person and avoid bright lights, noises or physical contact. They wont be able to understand facial expressions or understand humour or pain, unable to establish friendships and may become isolated.Description of the Support Needs of the person with the conditionPhysical SupportThey will need an environment which is free from noise and avoid bright lights. They will need constant surveillance while doing any work or playing outside. They will need relaxation and stress management like body massage or occupational therapy.Social SupportThey will need assistance in learning society rules or social behaviour using logic. They will need advice like how to interact with people and make friends. They will need opportunities for relaxation like chilling out with family and friends. Opportunities for friendships are also important for these people.Cognitive supportThe person will need one on one session between him and the therapist. He will need assistance in things like reading a book or solving a math problem. If there is a changes which is made then he should be informed in a behavior that makes sense to the person.Reference FAQ on Intellectual Disability, American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.Condition 3 EpilepsyCausesEpilepsy can be due to repellant head injury, strokes, birth trauma, brain tumours, toxins, brain infection, brain diseases, genetic condition or drug abuse.In many cases the cause is unknown.Main Characteristic 1The person affected will have recurring and sponta neous seizures .The person may be unconscious or completely unaware of what is happening.Main characteristic 2Some people with epilepsy simply stare blankly for a few seconds during a seizure, while others repeatedly twist their arms or legs. Seizures may be partial affecting small part of the brain or generalised, affecting whole brain.Description of the Support Needs of the person with conditionPhysical SupportMaking sure that the environment is safe while walking around so that they wont get injured when seizure occurs. The environment should be hazard free. He should be monitored weather he is taking his medication at the right time or is he getting any side effects which needs to be reported to the right people.Social SupportHe should be encouraged to attend school and work and needs to be reminded constantly that he should not be ashamed of his condition. He should be encouraged to maintain contact and communication with friends and co-workers. He should not be tempered differ ently from other co-workers only because of his condition and he should be treated with respect. His dignity should be maintained during seizure episodes.Cognitive SupportHe could be missing learning opportunities during seizure and might need extra teaching support. Keeping an appointment dairy will ensure that he is keeping up to date with his activities.Reference Bray, Anne, Definitions of intellectual disability. Donald Beasley Institute,2003